The actual data stored in a database at a particular moment is the database state, this includes the collection of all data in the database at a moment in time.
Initial Database State
The Initial Database State refers to the database state when it is initially loaded in to the system.
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Valid State (Database)
A valid state is a state that satisfies the structure and constraints of the data.
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Instance
Instance refers to individual database components, e.g. record instance, table instance, entity instance.
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